Jean Moulin

As prefect of Chartres in 1940, Moulin refused to sign a German document blaming Senegalese troops for a massacre, and cut his own throat rather than give way; he survived and wore a scarf over the scar for the rest of his life.

Parachuted back into France for de Gaulle, he brought eight rival resistance movements into a single council in May 1943. Betrayed a month later, he was tortured by Klaus Barbie and died on a train to Germany.